Footstones and Companion Markers: Cleaning Small Grave Markers
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I remember the first time I was called to clean a pair of footstones in a little cemetary outside Lucknow. The family had just discovered that their great-grandfather’s main headstone was flanked by two small, low markers—one for his first wife, who died young, and another for a stillborn child. They’d been hidden under moss for decades, nearly invisible. As I knelt and brushed away the soil, the wife’s name emerged: ‘Eliza, aged 22.’ The husband’s marker was tall and proud, but these footstones—simple, humble—told the real story of loss. That day taught me that small markers deserve the same care as the big ones. In this post, I’ll walk you through how to clean footstones and companion markers safely, without damaging the stone or the history they hold.
Why Footstones and Companion Markers Need Different Care
Footstones are typically smaller, lower to the ground, and often made of softer stone like marble or sandstone. Because they sit at ground level, they soak up moisture, moss, and lichen more than upright headstones. Companion markers—those matching stones beside a main monument—are often thinner and can be more fragile. I’ve seen many that were cracked by frost because water got trapped in unseen fissures. The key is to treat them gently: never lift or tilt a footstone by it's edges; it might be loose. Always start by gently brushing off loose dirt with a soft-bristle brush (natural horsehair or soft nylon). Avoid any tools that could scratch the surface. Remember, small markers are often overlooked, but they carry the same emotional weight.
Step-by-Step Cleaning Process for Small Markers
Start by wetting the stone with clean water—use a spray bottle or a gentle hose with a mist setting. Never use a pressure washer; it can erode the surface and force water into cracks. Next, apply a pH-neutral, non-ionic cleaner like D/2 Biological Solution. I’ve used D/2 for years because it’s safe on all stone types and uses biological enzymes to break down organic growth without harsh chemicals. Let it sit for 5–10 minutes (don’t let it dry out). Then, using a soft brush, work in small circular motions, focusing on moss and lichen. Rinse thoroughly with clean water. For stubborn stains, you may need a second application. Avoid scrubbing too hard—let the cleaner do the work. After rinsing, let the stone air dry completely before applying any sealant (though I rarely recommend sealants on footstones, as they trap moisture).
What to Avoid at All Costs
I can’t stress this enough: skip abrasive tools like wire brushes, steel wool, or stiff nylon pads. They leave scratches that collect dirt and make future cleaning harder. Also, avoid harsh household chemicals that can react with the stone’s minerals. Steer clear of strong acids or alkaline cleaners—they can etch marble and dissolve limestone. If you see ‘mildew remover’ or ‘stone brightener’ on a label, put it down. Instead, stick with proven, stone-safe products. And never use a pressure washer on any small marker; the force can chip edges or dislodge the stone from its base. I’ve seen too many family heirlooms ruined by a well-intentioned power wash.
Dealing with Moss, Lichen, and Ground-Level Grime
Footstones are magnets for moss and lichen because they’re constantly in contact with damp soil. Before cleaning, gently remove any large patches of moss with your hands or a wooden scraper (plastic is fine too). For lichen, which has root-like structures, the D/2 solution is your best friend—apply it, let it dwell for 10–15 minutes, then brush lightly. For ground-level grime like mud or grass stains, a soft brush and water usually suffice. If you’re dealing with a marble footstone that has biological staining (those dark, blackish patches), know that these are often caused by algae or fungus. A biological cleaner like D/2 will gradually lift them over multiple treatments. Patience is key—don’t rush.
Preserving the History: Aftercare and Inspection
Once the stone is clean and dry, take a moment to inspect it. Look for cracks, loose joints, or wobbling. Small markers often have broken corners or are tilted due to frost heave. If you find damage, contact a professional stonemason (like me) instead of trying to fix it yourself with epoxy or cement—those can cause more harm. Also, consider the stone’s orientation: if it’s leaning, gently reset it using a stone-safe base (never concrete). For ongoing care, simply rinse with water once a year and spot-clean with D/2 as needed. Avoid placing potted plants or decorations directly on the stone, as they trap moisture. Remember, you’re not just cleaning a rock—you’re caring for a family story.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Can I use vinegar to clean a footstone made of marble?
A: No, please don’t. Vinegar is an acid, and it will etch marble and dissolve limestone. Even a single application can leave dull spots that are irreversible. Always use a pH-neutral cleaner like D/2 Biological Solution.
Q: How often should I clean a footstone or companion marker?
A: Once a year is usually enough. If you live in a damp climate, you might need a light cleaning every 6 months. Over-cleaning can wear down the stone’s surface, so let the growth buildup be your guide. A gentle rinse with water in between cleanings helps reduce buildup.
Q: What if the footstone has a metal plaque attached?
A: Be very carefull around metal plaques—they can corrode if exposed to moisture. Clean the stone first, then gently wipe the plaque with a dry cloth. Avoid getting cleaner on the metal, and never use abrasive pads on it. If the plaque is brass or bronze, consider consulting a specialist for proper care.
Q: Is it safe to use a pressure washer on a concrete footstone?
A: I recommend against it. Even concrete can chip or develop surface pitting under high pressure. Concrete footstones are often thinner and more brittle than they look. Stick to gentle water rinsing and soft brushing—it’s safer and just as effective for most dirt and moss.
Q: My footstone has a black, crusty growth that won’t come off. What is it?
A: That sounds like lichen, which has root-like structures that cling to the stone. It’s tough but treatable. Apply a generous amount of D/2 Biological Solution and let it sit for 15–20 minutes. Gently brush with a soft brush, then rinse. You may need to repeat this 3–4 times over several weeks. Never scrape it off with a metal tool—that will damage the stone’s surface.